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                    "uri": "http://edamontology.org/topic_3321",
                    "term": "Molecular genetics"
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                    "uri": "http://edamontology.org/topic_0203",
                    "term": "Gene expression"
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                    "note": "Laboratory calculators."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/dna-rna/",
                    "type": [
                        "Software catalogue"
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                    "note": "DNA and RNA calculators."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/pcr/",
                    "type": [
                        "Software catalogue"
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                    "note": "PCR and qPCR calculators."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/cell-culture/",
                    "type": [
                        "Software catalogue"
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                    "note": "Cell culture calculators."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/protein/",
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                    "note": "Protein calculators."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/cloning/",
                    "type": [
                        "Software catalogue"
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                    "note": "Molecular cloning calculators."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/what-is-molarity/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "What molarity means: moles per litre, M vs mM, and why temperature changes the answer."
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-molarity/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "Molarity in three steps with worked examples for NaCl, glucose and a 10 mM reagent."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/c1v1-equation/",
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-a-dilution/",
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                    "note": "Find stock volume, diluent volume, dilution factor or final concentration, with ratio and percentage tables."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-make-a-serial-dilution/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "Plan a serial dilution: tube-by-tube concentrations, transfer and diluent volumes, pipetting errors."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-make-a-stock-solution/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "Mass = MW x M x V, the 80% rule, hydrate and purity corrections, per-compound recipes."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-dna-molecular-weight/",
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                    "note": "Free-acid residue masses, terminal correction, 5'-OH vs 5'-phosphate, ug-to-nmol."
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                    "type": [
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                    "note": "A260 to concentration: the 50/33/40 factors, dilution factor, path length, ug/mL to nM."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-gc-content/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "GC% = (G + C) / length x 100 with IUPAC degenerate-base rules."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-primer-tm/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "Wallace rule and SantaLucia 1998 nearest-neighbour method with a worked example."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-choose-annealing-temperature/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "Tm-5 empirical start, Rychlik Ta-optimum formula, gradient windows, mismatched primers."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-make-a-pcr-master-mix/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "Solve each component with C1V1=C2V2, scale by reactions plus overage, balance the water."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-qpcr-efficiency/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "Regress Cq on log10 concentration, why slope -3.32 is 100%, the 90-110% window."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-delta-delta-ct/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "Livak 2^-ddCt by hand: normalise to a reference gene, subtract control, check efficiency first."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-protein-molecular-weight/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "Sum residue masses and add one water; average vs monoisotopic; sources."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-protein-isoelectric-point/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "Ionizable groups, pKa values, the net-charge sum and why iteration is required."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-determine-protein-concentration-a280/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "Derive epsilon280 from Trp/Tyr/Cys, apply Beer-Lambert, convert to mg/mL and uM."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-count-cells-with-hemocytometer/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "The 1e-4 mL chamber volume, why you multiply by 10^4, the border-cell rule."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-cell-viability/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "Trypan blue counts: viability % = live/total x 100, viable density, the ~90% threshold."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-seeding-density/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "Target density to cells per well, growth-area conversion, C1V1=C2V2 for the stock volume."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-doubling-time/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "Td = t.ln2/ln(Nt/N0), the log2 form, specific growth rate, PDL vs passage number."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-cfu/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "CFU/mL from colony counts: dilution factor, plated volume, the 25-250 countable range."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-plasmid-molecular-weight/",
                    "type": [
                        "User manual"
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                    "note": "660 g/mol.bp convention, then pmol/ug, molarity, molecules and copy number."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-ligation-ratio/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "Insert:vector molar ratio from fragment sizes and vector mass, or reversed from masses used."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-transformation-efficiency/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "CFU/ug: plated-volume dilution factor, DNA mass to ug, read against the expected range."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-calculate-molar-mass/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "Sum atomic masses, handle hydrates, convert grams to moles; H2O, NaCl and glucose examples."
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                {
                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/molarity-vs-molality/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "Moles per litre vs per kg of solvent, the temperature difference, and M vs m vs N."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/percent-solution-wv-vv-ww/",
                    "type": [
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                    "note": "The four percent-solution types compared, plus converting w/v to w/w using density."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/ppm-to-mg-l/",
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/guides/how-to-prepare-a-working-solution/",
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/laboratory/",
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                    "note": "Laboratory calculator index: molarity, dilution, stock solutions, percent and ppm."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/dna-rna/",
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/pcr/",
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                    "note": "PCR and qPCR index: primer Tm, master mix setup, qPCR standard-curve efficiency."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/protein/",
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                    "note": "Protein index: molecular weight, isoelectric point, A280 concentration."
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                    "url": "https://biosyn-inc.com/cloning/",
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                        "title": "HPEPDOCK: A web server for blind peptide-protein docking based on a hierarchical algorithm",
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